Rhubarb (Rheum officinale Baill.)

Rhubarb is one of the plant that frequently used for treatment in Indonesia. The parts that Justify Fullused in this plant is roots and rhizome. The indication is to treat constipation, jaundice, amenorea (no period menstruation). Substances that active in this plant, among others: antrakinon derivative (including glicoside), Rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, aloe-emodin, physcion

Various effects pharmacology has known many of these plants, such as:

- catartica light: effects on cholinergic emodin intestinal muscle (like using atropin).

- Retention of water in the intestinal lumen. Does not disrupt absorption of nutrien.

- another catartica compound (derived anthraquinones): anthranol, anthrone, anthraquinones; sennoside A & B.

- ED50 / effective dose 50 (catartica) sennosida A: 15 (gastric) mg / kg (ip), 14 (subkutan) mg / kg (ip), 27 mg / kg (ip).

- Effect antispasmodik emodin 5 times from the effects papaverin

- Antimicrobe effect
Active substances of microbe resistor (bakteria, fungi, and viruses) is the structure of 1.9 - in the OH-anthraquinones (IC50 1.5-50 ug / mL up to microbes)

- Antineoplastics (anti-cancer)

* Rhein and emodin prevent melanoma mouse (5 mg / kg = 75%)
* Emodin (75 mg / kg, ip) with repeated doses for breast carcinoma in rats
* Extract aloes wood (sc): sarcoma37 prevent the mencit

- Cardiovascular

* Extract tingtur aloes wood and have an effect hipotensif (vasodilatation)
* Emodin: Stimulation (at low doses), depresif (at higher doses)
* D-Catechin as vasokonstrictor
* Extract herb (po): lower cholesterol in rabbits hiperkolesterolemia

Contraindicates aloes wood is to

- People with asthenic syndrome (weak, spun) is experiencing constipation due to slowing peristaltic.

- In addition tanin found in quantities in the root / rizoma can cause constipation.

- With doses constipation anatara root of 0.05-0.3 g / rizoma


Farmacokinetics

- Absorption derived anthraquinones quickly, reaching peak only in time 2 hours.

- Rhein absorpted easier than emodin. Rhein quickly eliminated (the rabbit).

- F elimination anthraquinones in feses and urin: 23%.


Toxicity

- LD50 / lethal dose 50 (po) emodin, physcion, and chrysophanol of 560, 1150 mg / kg and 10 g / kg.


Aloes wood effects clinic

- Indigesti and constipation

* 0.3 g dose as appetizer; 1-2 g as light laxatif
* Large dose: kolic intestine (contraction, convulsions) but can be overcome with belladona (atropin) or mentol, clove oil.

- Hepatitis: antivirus, anti-inflammation, and choleretic

- Hemoragia and trombositopenia:

* Herb used for internal and external bleeding.
* Chrysophanol to trombositopenia, menorea, bleeding after birth

- Hurt and burned skin disease

- Cholesterol lower agents and antihipertensi (blood pressure lower agents)

Side effects:
- Toxic effects occur, especially in the high dose of the fresh herb Nausea, vomit , dizziness, colic abdomen [stomach cramps], jaundice.

- The use of long & hipokalemia cause cirrhosis.

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Garlic (Allium sativum)

The garlic plant which used is bulbus. Bulbus contains allicin, such as oil atsiri & allisatin.

Pharmacology

Antimicrobe effect: oil atsiri are bakterisid
- 0.5% Aqueous solvent [solvent water] lethal against Salmonella typhi.
- Juice active against many types of pathogenic bacteria, including those resistant against penicilin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline

Anti-fungi: a comparison with the water extract 1: 1

Anti-protozoa and trichomonas:
• 5 - 15% water onion Suspensi active against trophozoit amuba.
• 0.5% filtrate bulbus active against Trichomonas vaginalis
• Antineoplastik [anti-cancer]
• oil or garlic extract is able to prevent many types of tumor and cancer (in animals try).
• To decrease the blood lipid
• juice (10 ml / kg) or garlic oil (20 mg / kg, po) for 2 - 8 sunday lower cholesterol in animals, not TG, fibrinolisis speed.
• Extract onion down Tech animal blood and hypertension patients (n = 114) where the patient Systole down to 8-33 mmHg and diastole down 4-20 mmHg.
• Juice or garlic oil: imunostimulator
• Extract ethanol (2 mg): contraction animal and human uterus
• Allisatin: anti-inflammation

Pharmacokinetics
• STL Bactericidin p.o more effective against the protozoa (compared sublingual), because of gastric juice and bile.
• Allicin termetabolisme and terdistribusi swiftly.
LD50
• Oil onion iv 135 mg / kg mencit.
• Diallyl-thiosulfonate iv 70 mg / kg, po 600 mg / kg.
• Allicin 0:15% (3 ml / kg) 2-times a day - 10 sunday, not toksik.

Clinical effects of garlic
• Dysentery basiler: Allicin effective in 66% of cases. Suspensi onion 10%, effective in 32 cases. Dosage: 10-40 ml PO every 4 hours for a 1-2 sunday.
• Dysentery amuba: PO Bawang, recover 88% of cases. Dosage: 1 onion pieces for 1 week, or 1-3 chip PO for 5-10 days plus 5% enema onion extract.
• fungus infection: effectiveness varies, tgt the infected organ. Most effective in tuberculosis (10 of 14 cases). Adult dose of 20-50 ml of sterile added at lrt copy-glucose (iv)
• whooping cough: 85% effectiveness recover some onion extract, cough improved (10%).

* Serving: 60 g slight slice, boiling in hot water (300 ml) 10 hours.
* Dosage: Children aged> 5 years, 15 ml every 2 hours, five to 7.5 ml.

• acute inflammation apendix: pasta garlic be smeared on the sick. 90% of cases recover.
• Trichomonas vaginitis: effectiveness, 86.5% of cases.
• Hiperlipidemia: pills do contain garlic oil atsiri able to reduce cholesterol 32 mg%, TG 75 mg%, β-lipoprotein 143 mg% (n = 78).

* Dosage: Oil atsiri 0.2 ml per day for 1 month.

• Hiperfibrinogenemia: 14 cases decrease 167 mg%
• Carcinoma go: From the 54 cases, 1 cured, 6 is very effective, effective 27 STL injection garlic. Effective on the naso-faring, limfe, tuberculosis, stomach.
• Intoxikasi Pb: 4 pieces of garlic, 3-times a day for 1 bln (n = 34)
• onion Juice 50-60 ml / day for 4 days: non-toxic.

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Greater Plantain ( Plantago mayor L )

Material used: seeds and herb (womb different chemicals).

Pharmacology:

Ekspectoran & antitusif: herb dekok increase secretion trakhea muccus & bronki (nature ekspectoran of plantagin), 3-6 peak hours, the duration of 6-7 hours. But plantagin also cause respiratory depression center so can make breath in a slow and (antitusif effect). Plantago seeds are also ekspektoran and antitusif.

Antibacteria: water or alcohol extract

Gastro intestine: Extract leaves contain plantaglucide resoluble ulkus peptikus prevent, slow the movement of stomach, reduce the contraction (spasm) intestine.

Cardiovascular: Plantagin low dose of slow heart rate, raise amplitudo heart and blood pressure; hipotensif large doses and cardiac arrest (heart rate to drop out).

Effect clinic

- Respiratory tract infections

* Extract Plantago tan (ekivalen powder 30 g / day) given in chronic bronchitis patients (age> 50 years, n = 175), 1-2 for sunday, the effectiveness of 78%.

- Hepatitis-acute jaundice

* Plant Plantago fresh or decocta (60 g / day), the appetite normal in 5-7 days, jaundice recover in 14 hr, and normal liver function. Effectiveness of 95-99%.

- Dysentery

* Decoct 100% fresh leaf Plantago, 60-90 ml / day, therapy for acute dysentery (n = 43) and chronic (n = 45). Fever down in 1-2 days.
* Painful abdomen, mucus and pus in feses lost in 10 days, and bakteria feses negative. Effectiveness of 84%.
* Decoct also effective for dysentery amuba on anak2, symptom lost in 2 days, and feces become normal.


- Dispepsia

* The seeds of Plantago given 63 children, where feces into normal (n = 53). Recover in 2-3 days.

- Serving and dose: seeds roasted, then pound for the Per Oral. For babies 4-12 month: 0.5 g / dose, 1-2 five years: 1 g / dose given 3-4 times a day.

Dose is adjusted to the age.

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Madagascar Periwinkle ( Catharanthus roseus )

The plant: root, stem, leaves, seeds

On substance: alkaloids vinblastine, vincristine, leurosine, vincadioline, leurosidine, catharanthine.

Pharmakology:
anti-cancer, hipotensif, hipoglicemia, diuretics

Clinical Effect

* Anti-cancer: Vinblastine, especially for Hodgkin's disease, chorion-epithelioma, breast / ovary cancer, or nephroblastoma.

* Vincristine less effective for Hodgkin's disease, but more effective against acute lymphocytic, granulocytic leukemia, acute leukemia in children. Because vincristine also pressing bone marrow, they are often combined with other anti-cancer.

* Hypertension: the side effects associated with weight, is not recommended for anti-hypertension.


Extracts of the dried plant alkaloids contain many of the medicinal use. The principal alkaloid is vinblastine, or vincaleukoblastine.

* Vinblastine: experimentally for treatment of neoplasms, and recommended for Hodgkin's disease resistant and choricarcinoma.

*Vincristine: used in treatment of leukemia in children.

* Synthetic vincristine, used to treat leukemia, is only 20% as effective as the natural product derived from Catharanthus roseus.


Using vinblastine, vincristine has resulted in:

* 80% remission in Hodgkin's disease,
* 99% in acute leukemia lymphocitic,
* 80% in Wilm's tumor,
* 70% in gestational choricarcinoma, and
* 50% in Burkitt's lymphoma.


Over 70 other alkaloids have been isolated from the plant in addition to vinblastine and vincristine.

Side effects and toxicity

* Vinblastine: usually decrease WBC (1-2 sunday revovery STL cessation drug), Gastro intestine disturbances and symptom neurologic (eg. insomnia, dizziness, abnormal sensation).
* Vincristine: usually symptom neurologic, prevent hematopoiesis (blood cells reached a minimum 1-2 sunday). Hematopoiesis vincristine obstacles still lighter than other anti-cancer.

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Ginseng (Panax Ginseng)

Parts: the roots, stems, leaves, flowers, seeds.

Clinical Effect

* Disorders nervous.

Ginseng effective against many types of pshykosist and neurasthenia (so can improve mood, eliminate pain, insomnia & Anorexia).

* Cardiovascular and hematologic Disease.

Ginseng is not recommended for lowering tension. Effectively reduce cholesterol pat on hiperkolesterolemia's patients are given 40 mg of extract water per day (concentrated 5x).

* Diabetes Mellitus.

Extracting water ginseng lower blood glucose 40-50 mg% (mild skin-DM), the duration lasts 2 weeks after extract stopped.
To DM or are heavy, must be combined with weather insulin.Ginseng reduce insulin dose and make longer duration effects.

Combination with ginseng Rehmania glutinosa reduce DM symptome , improve physical and mental condition.

* Diarrhea, gastritis chronicles, viral hepatitis, Jaundice

* Tonic

Ginseng to reduce fatigue, improve interference core nervous system, intelligence, and weak after have sick.

* Neoplasma

Prostisol (derived from ginseng saponin & inisiator of compensatory function protein synthesis) if combined with other anti-cancer, more effective against the stomach-intestine carcinoma.
Prostisol improve the immune system, appetite, and the profile hematologic.

Other effects

* Improving the plasma protein, and tended to increase RBC, improve the condition of rheumatism, neuralgia, encelopati pulmoner.
* The leaves and stems ginseng effective for Addison subscribed.

Adverse effect

* 3% tingtur 100 ml cause iritabilitas and eksitasi light.
* The use of chronic (> 0.3 g powder, PO) cause insomnia, depression, dizziness, palpitasi, hypertension, sexual disfunction, BB down. Intoksikasi surmountable with radish.

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Sanqi , Tianqi (Panax notoginseng)

parts of plant used: roots, herbs

Clinical Effect

* Coronary disease. Arteria coronary stretch, reducing barriers and coronary blood pressure, coronary blood flow, speed, improve microsirculates heart muscle so commonly used for treat angina pectoris.
* Hemoptysis (coughing blood). Herbs powder (6-9 g) 2-3 x day cure coughing blood result of bronchiectasis (dilation local bronchus), lungs, Tubercolosis, abses lungs. Hemostatic Effect occurred in 5 days (n = 10).

* Hematuria. Herbal powders (0.9-1.5 g) 3-4 x per day, usually cured in 3 days (n = 39).

* Bleeding intra-okuler. Herbal sterile solution 2-10% dropping on the eyes, blood's accumulated lost in 1-6 days (n = 12).

* Dislipidemia. Clofibrate and sanqi effects similar decrease in cholesterol and Triglyceride (n = 57), the difference, sanqi not cause interference hepar or SGPT increase.

* SGPT and Plasma protein. Herbal powder (1 g) 3x a day for 1 month, lower increase in GPT and the improvement of plasma protein (n = 45).

* Head injury. 3 g herb powder, 2-3x a day, for 3-10 days (21 days max) to improve cerebral circulation, remove spinal fluid from the blood, relieve udem brain. 75% effectiveness.

* Nefritis acute. For their cases early, metanol herbal extracts (20 mg / 2 ml) in 50 ml dextrose 50% (iv) once a day for 2-4 weeks, produce a good effect of therapy (n = 12). During therapy, patients also were given antibiotics.

Adverse effect of P. notoginseng

* Dosage 1-1.5 g (po) usually does not cause side effects, but many patients experience nausea, often VoMiT, epistaxis (nosebleed), bleeding gums, menoragia (more menstrual bleeding). However, the effect is lost in itself, or if the dose is revealed.
* Giving cause i.m. injection site pain.
* Dosage 5 g (po) affect the heart conduction system.

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Corn (Zea mays)

parts that used: style and stigma

Clinical Effect
• Diuretik because udem.

* Decoct 50 g fresh herbal tea mediate effective.
* The dosage should not exceed the urine output.
* Effective to udem kidney, cirrhosis hepatik with ascites, and other udem.
* Herbs are also answerable to improve renal function and albuminuria at factorize nefritis chronicles udem, or nefrotik syndrome.

• hepatobilier disease

* More than 200 cases of cholecystitis, cholangitis, hepatitis with / without icterus, and cholelithiasis treated with liquid herbal extracts, 30-40 drops, tablets or 0.8 g 3-4 times a day, proved effective and there are no adverse effects.

• Hypertension

* Roasted 15 g herb / day for 2 month lower blood pressure 170/90 to be 130/70 mmHg, improve the physical condition (n = 1). Page stable condition until 7 months.

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Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra )

Parts in used: root or Rhizome

Clinical Effects

* Gastric and duodenal ulcers. Herbal extracts (15 ml) 4 times a day for 6 weeks, 90% from 100 cases showed improvement or recovery. Or herbal powders (2.5-5 g) 3x a day for 3-4 weeks the effect is better than extraction.

* Addison disease. Maintenance dose therapy and glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid vary among the patients. But when the condition of patients, the dose lowered. Dm must be reduced to 10% of the initial dose. Herbal extracts less effective.

* TB lungs.

TB's common Medicines, if combined with herbal (18 g/150 ml) 3 times a day, the effect is better. From 55 cases: 23 results satisfactory, 32 conditions improve.

* Hepatitis infection.

100% dekok herbal 15-20 ml (dose anak2 separonya), 3 times a day for 10-20 days (n = 13).

* A normal Icterus index in 13 days.

* Bile negative urine and a reduction hepatomegali in 10 days.

* Pain on the hearts lost in 8 days

* Eye inflammation disease

60 cases with peritonitis limpid eyes (keratitis), keratoconjunctivitis, fascicular keratitis treated with 5% Na glycyrrhizinate eye drops, or 8-12% suspension glycyrrhetinic acid, or 10-30% herbal extracts, 3-4x a day, recover in 2-7 day (n = 56).

* Stomach muscles twitch. Herbal Extract (10-15 ml) 2x a day given the bitter 254 adult patients for 3-6 days. Work on 241 patients.

* Purpura (blood spot on the skin or mucous membrane). Decoct herb (30 g) given the morning & afternoon trombositopenik effective for purpura (n = 3) or anafilaktik (n = 5) in 6 days, and no recurrence in the 2-3 months.

Adverse effect.

* The use of large doses, or a small dose, but long, causing udem, weak legs, hands, cramps, headache, hypertension, hipokalemia.
* Hati2 the nick of age, subscribed cardiovascular, kidney because weather causes hypertension or CHF.

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Celery ( Apium graviolens )

Parts in Used: herbal

Pharmacology

Hypertension

* 49 cases treated tingtur herb (2 g / ml) 30-45 drops / day, 3x a day, the result is very effective (n = 13), is (n = 22), and had not (n = 14).
* In 16 other cases, herbal juice, honey, syrup was given 40 ml, 3x daily, 14 cases of skin-effective.
* Celery effective skin-essential hypertension, pregnancy and before the off. Blood pressure drop STL 1-day treatment, along with improvements to the condition, Morpheus, and the increase of water urine.


Hiperkolesterolemia

* 10 plant roots polish + 10 fruit Zizipus jujuba var. inermis cooking, decoct made for the provision of 2x for 15-20 days and hypertension in patients with coronary subscribed blood cholesterol> 200 mg% (n = 21).
* Cholesterol blood average of 41 mg% (n = 14), on 7 other cases had increased average 18 mg%.

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Aloe ( Aloe vera )

Aloe genus: there are about 600 species

* Aloe latex: laxative effect
* Aloe gel (fresh): cosmetics & skin therapy Peny
* Aloe whole leaf: drink al. for cancer, AIDS, ulcerative colitis
* Aloe extract: asthma bronkiale chronicles & DM

* Aloins: laxative
* Aloctins, campesterol, β-sitosterol, acemannan: anti-inflamasi
* Acemannan: imunostimulan

Aloe gel and latex in the leaves and the different chemical contents khasiatnya, Infus Aloe juice or contain latex and gel

Aloe and Cancer

* Acemannan stimulates makrofag remove tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin, and Interferon
* Aloe Extract contains aloctins - memp. mitogenik activity on limfosit
* A Aloctin - function as imunomodulator
* Anthraquinones - anti-inflamasi & imunomodulator
* Aloe juice - antimetastatic activity & hepatoselular prevent lesi
* Aloe extract + vit E + squalene - reduce the tumor that have


Aloe extract: hipoglikemik on the patient's type-2 DM (non-insulin dependent)

* Aloe gel: al. contain glikoprotein, polisakarida, enzyme, used for a variety of skin disturbances (such as a burn, abrasion, bruise, wound, Psoriasis, herpes simplex)

* Fresh Aloe gel: anti-inflamasi (ZA: aloctin A and B is not stable in storage)

* Aloe latex: 0:25 dose laxative g. ONSET effects STL 6-12 hours. Aloin A and B in the intestine hydrolized into aloe-emodin-9-antron (metabolit active). Large doses or use the old dependable nefritis, gastritis, vomiting, bloody diarrhea slimy &

* Aloes can cause pelvic organ congestion, so have a contraindicates on hemoroid, menstruate, and pregnancy

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