Effects of ginger on motion sickness and gastric slowwave dysrhythmias induced by circular vection

Written by :
HAN-CHUNG LIEN,1 WEI MING SUN,2 YEN-HSUEH CHEN,2 HYERANG KIM,2
WILLIAM HASLER,2 AND CHUNG OWYANG2
1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology Taichung Veterans General
Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; and 2Department of Internal
Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48019
Submitted 8 May 2002; accepted in final form 12 October 2002

Ginger

Ginger has long been used as an alternative medication to prevent motion sickness. The mechanism of its action, however, is unknown. We hypothesize that ginger ameliorates the nausea associated with motion sickness by preventing the development of gastric dysrhythmias and the elevation of plasma vasopressin. Thirteen volunteers with a history of motion sickness underwent circular vection, during which nausea (scored 0-3, i.e., none to severe), electrogastrographic recordings, and plasma vasopressin levels were assessed with or without ginger pretreatment in a crossover-design, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Circular vection induced a maximal nausea score of 2.5 ± 0.2 and increased tachygastric activity and plasma vasopressin. Pretreatment with ginger (1,000 and 2,000 mg) reduced the nausea, tachygastria, and plasma vasopressin. Ginger also prolonged the latency before nausea onset and shortened the recovery time after vection cessation. Intravenous vasopressin infusion at 0.1 and 0.2 U/min induced nausea and increased bradygastric activity; ginger pretreatment (2,000 mg) affected neither. Ginger effectively reduces nausea, tachygastric activity, and vasopressin release induced by circular vection. In this manner, ginger may act as a novel agent in the prevention and treatment of motion sickness.

treatment; vasopressin

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Effect of Raw Garlic vs Commercial Garlic Supplements on Plasma Lipid Concentrations in Adults With Moderate Hypercholesterolemia : Clinical trial

Written by:
Christopher D. Gardner, PhD; Larry D. Lawson, PhD; Eric Block, PhD; Lorraine M. Chatterjee, MS;
Alexandre Kiazand, MD; Raymond R. Balise, PhD; Helena C. Kraemer, PhD

Background: Garlic is widely promoted as a cholesterollowering agent, but efficacy studies have produced conflicting results. Garlic supplements differ in bioavailability of key phytochemicals. We evaluated the effect of raw garlic and 2 commonly used garlic supplements on cholesterol concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia.

Methods: In this parallel-design trial, 192 adults with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations of 130 to 190 mg/dL (3.36-4.91 mmol/L) were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 4 treatment arms: raw garlic, powdered garlic supplement, aged garlic extract supplement, or placebo. Garlic product doses equivalent to an average-sized garlic clove were consumed 6 d/wk for 6 months. The primary study outcome was LDL-C concentration. Fasting plasma lipid concentrations were assessed monthly. Extensive chemical characterization of study materials was conducted throughout the trial.

Results: Retentionwas87%to90%in all4treatment arms, and chemical stability of study materialswashigh throughout the trial. There were no statistically significant effects of the 3 forms of garlic on LDL-C concentrations. The 6-month mean (SD) changes in LDL-C concentrations were +0.4 (19.3) mg/dL (+0.01 [0.50] mmol/L), +3.2 (17.2) mg/dL (+0.08 [0.44] mmol/L), +0.2 (17.8) mg/ dL(+0.005 [0.46] mmol/L),and−3.9 (16.5)mg/dL(−0.10 [0.43]mmol/L)forrawgarlic,powderedsupplement, aged extract supplement, and placebo, respectively. There were no statistically significant effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride levels, or total cholesterol– high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio.

Conclusions:Noneof theformsof garlicusedin this study, including raw garlic, when given at an approximate dose of a 4-g clove per day, 6 d/wk for 6 months, had statistically or clinically significant effects on LDL-C or other plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia.

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